War of attrition-A slow wearing-down process in which each side was trying to outlast each other. The war had become a stalemate and military leaders on both sides began to wonder whether they could ever break through the other’s line of trenches.

Contraband-War materials supplied by a neutral nation to a belligerent one. At first America dealt with both sides but as the British blockade of Germany tightened, the Americans traded more with the Allies.

Atrocities-Brutal acts against defenseless civilians. British propaganda had a great influence on Americans and they were angered by Germany’s doings.

2. Central Powers- Included Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire. Had the advantage of Germany’s well-trained army and easy communication and rapid troop movement.

Allied Powers- Included Great Britain, France, Russia and other countries. They had more soldiers, a greater industrial capacity, and Britain’s navy.

U-boats- German submarines used in World War I. They caused extensive losses to Allied shipping.

Woodrow Wilson-Denounced the attack of the passenger liner Lusitania. He warned Germany that the U.S. would not tolerate another such incident then Germany cut back its submarine attacks.

Arthur Zimmermann- A high official in the German foreign ministry. He sent a secret telegram proposing an alliance between Germany and Mexico.

4.    a. New technology changed the way the war was fought by having weapons be mass-produced and being introduced in the war. There were new weapons such as machine guns, long-range artillery, and the airplane.

b. The principle that was proclaimed by the United States for declaring war was to fight for democratic ideals with the Allied countries.

      In France working for little pay, a poor woman such as myself, would not be in favor for a war with Germany. Many of our men would be taken away to a battlefield only to be killed for such ideals instead of supporting a family or put food on a table. I remember stories when Napoleon ruled and many men were lost fighting in the Grand Army. War was never any good for anyone, except for some rich people. There would be a great demand for war supplies and there wouldn’t be a dime earned working the factories since there would be too many people working. I say factory owners should untie and go against them factory owners, like Marx says. Otherwise, we factory workers could not live and survive on pennies a day. Could you?

b. The Nationalist movement grew and changed under the leadership of Chiang Kai-shek by beginning a military campaign against the warlords called the Northern Expedition and Nationalist quickly gained control of Hunan province and the cities of the Wuhan area. Chiang made the Nationalist army stronger and established a Nationalist government in Nanjing.

c. The factors that led to the rise of communism in China were foreign domination and economic backwardness. The founders of Chinese communism wanted to build strong party organizations and labor unions in the cities.

4. Chinese Nationalist Party Speech:

Members of the Nationalist party, hear me now: Although we hope to defeat those warlords and establish a strong central government in our beloved Republic of China, industrialization is the key to our success, by building bridges and roads, establishing a national bank, and improving the education of China. Let nothing stop us from achieving our goals and ambitions to bring our China out of the dark and into a new light for the future of our people.

4.  a. The changes that the growth of cities brought to China were an increased amount of land used for farming and popular culture. The Chinese planted new crops such as peanuts, sweet potatoes, and tobacco, which had been introduced from the Americas and popular novels and plays increased in number.

b. The attitudes the Chinese might have had toward foreigners during the period of the Ming and Qing dynasties were not wanted. The Chinese liked their culture thriving and wouldn’t want a foreigner destroying their flourishing country.

P. 421 #2

2. Opium War – The conflict between China and Britain that happened during 1839 to 1842. The British government did not respond to China’s demands when they tried to stop the opium trade.

Treaty of Nanjing-China gave the island of Hong Kong to Britain. This opened five ports to British trade and would be governed by British law.

Taiping Rebellion- Hong Xiuquan declared that it was his mission to establish a new dynasty influence by Christian teachings. The rebellion lasted from 1850-1864 and caused terrible destruction and killed millions. The rebellion and other revolts weakened the Qing dynasty and the nation as a whole making foreign powers easier to invade China.

1.  Capitalism – An economic system in which individual or corporations control the factors of production

Commercial capitalism – When most capitalists were merchants who bought and sold goods

Industrial capitalism – When capitalists became more involved in producing and manufacturing goods

Interchangeable parts – Identical parts that can replace each other

Mass production – System of producing large numbers of identical items

Corporations – Businesses that allow people to buy stock in the company

Monopoly – Complete control of the production or sale of a single good or service by a single firm

Cartels – Corporate combinations that control entire industries

Business cycle – Changing periods of wealth and decline

Depression – Period when demand of goods decrease which causes the entire economy to sink

P.563 #1,2

1.  Free enterprise – System which economic forces work automatically without mercantilist laws and regulations

Laissez-faire – belief that government should not interfere with the operations of business

Humanitarians – People who work to improve the conditions of others

Utilitarianism – Belief that a law is useful if it led to “the greatest happiness of the greatest number” of people

Strike – Refusal of workers to work until their demands are met

Unions – Associations of workers that combine forces and demands of different workers

Collective bargaining – Process of negotiation between management and union representatives

2.  Adam Smith – Scottish economist, considered the founder of classical economics

Thomas Malthus – Believed that human misery and poverty is inevitable, right on!

David Ricardo – British economist that wrote that supply and demand determine wages. Ricardo’s idea became known as the iron law of wages

Charles Dickens – English writer, made the public aware of working conditions in factories and mines

Jeremy Bentham – Philosopher that argued that a law was useful and good if it led to “the greatest happiness of the greatest number” of people

John Stuart Mill – English philosopher believed that a government should work for the good of all its citizens, wrote On the Subjection of Women, a ground-breaking call for support of women’s rights

Crop rotation – system in which a farmer would plant different crops in the fields to let the soil rebuild its nutrients. This helped farmers produce more crops using the same amount of land.

Industrial Revolution – an era of rapid industrial development. Began in Great Britain and produced different changes in society.

Factors of production – Basic resources for industrialization, such as land capital, and labor. These are the needed factors during the Industrial Revolution.

Mechanization – Automatic machinery was used to increase production. Machines preformed operations in minutes while workers took days to complete by hand.

Factory system – When workers put in a certain number of hours each day for a fixed pay. The spinning mill run by Arkwright was the beginning of the modern factory system in the 1780s.

Vulcanization – process to make rubber less sticky

2. Jethro Tull – Invented seed drill which made it possible to plant seeds in straight rows

Richard Arkwright – Invented the spinning jenny driven by waterpower

Eli Whitney – Invented cotton gin, a machine that would clean cotton faster than hand laborers

James Watt – Patented the modern steam engine

Henry Bessemer – Developed the Bessemer process, a cheaper and more efficient method of making steel

Robert Fulton – First to build first profitable steamboat

Samuel Morse – Invented telegraph and Morse code

2. Carbonari – Secret society of Italian nationalists in the early 1800s

Giuseppe Mazzini – one of the most famous Carbonari, insisted that “neither pope nor king” should rule but rather a republic should rule Italy.

Young Italy movement – Dedicated to spreading the ideas of the Risorgimento, wanted a republic to rule Italy

King Victor Emmanuel II – Did not want to expand Sardinian territory and was not sympathetic towards liberals

Camillo Benso di Cavour – Was a republican and an Italian patriot

Napoleon III – Wanted to increase French influence

Giuseppe Garibaldi – A man devoted to Italian freedom, formed an army of volunteers called the Red Shirts. His army conquered southern Italy, helping to untie the country.

4. a. The two movements that led to new nationalist movements for unification of Italy were the French revolution and the Young Italy movement.

b. The important leaders in the fight for Italian unification were Napoleon III, Giuseppe Garibaldi, Giuseppe Mazzini, and Camillo Benso di Cavour.

c. The kingdom of Sardinia took the lead in Italian unification because he wanted to expand Sardinian territory and although he was not especially sympathetic to the liberals, he agreed to French terms.

P.642 #4

a) Prussia replaced Austria as the leading German state by doing so in three wars led by Bismarck, the Danish War, the Seven Weeks War, and the Franco-Prussian War.

b)German unification was different from Italian unification because Germany had two states Prussia and Austria while Italy had only one. Also, the German unification produced a German Empire while Italy had none.

c)The makeup of the German government had an emperor called the Kaiser, a legislative branch that consisted of two houses called the Bundesrat and the Reichstag.